One step towards LED-Savings with LED light -saving comparison LED Vs Conventional lights

Savings by using LED’s


You have often seen articles and lot of advertisements to use LED lights instead of conventional lights. Seeming the higher cost of LED’s we often reluctant to purchase LED lights. But there are huge savings by means of using LED lights.

Just by replacing LED tube light with conventional tube light savings are huge. Just go through the calculations as below:-

Conventional Tube Light:

36 W tube rod lumens intensity = 2000- 2500 Lumens

Conventional Tube light Wattage = 36 W for Tube rod

Choke Wattage of Tube light= 36 W

So Total power consumption = 72 Wattage per hour

Now considering 10 Hrs of use per day then total power consumption per day will be= 72 X 10=720 Watt hour

Power consumption per month= 720 X 30 = 21600 = 21.60 KWH (Units)

Now for whole year power consumption= 21.60 X 12= 262.80 KWH (Units)

Power cost for per unit power consumption = 8 Rs (Avg. after considering all charges including tax and fixed charges cost)

Total Annual power consumption cost= 262.80 X 8= 2102.4 /-

LED Light:

:
20 W LED light Lumens= 2000-2500 Lumens

LED light wattage = 20 W

Power consumption per Hour= 20 Wattage per hour

Now considering 10 Hrs of use per day then total power consumption per day will be= 20 X 10=200 Watt hour
Power consumption per month= 200 X 30 = 6000 = 6 KWH (Units)

Now for whole year power consumption= 6 X 12= 72 KWH (Units)

Power cost for per unit power consumption = 8 Rs (Avg. after considering all charges including tax and fixed charges cost)

Total Annual power consumption cost= 72 X 8= 576 /-

Now cost of replacement conventional tube light with LED =300 /-

Total Annual Savings = 2102- 576- 300= 1226/-

Now you could see that merely replacing a single tube light will leads to savings in thousands now replace all tube lights in house and in industries will leads to huge savings. Now LED lights are available in wide range of wattage and they are one on one replacement of conventional lights. You can also see that payback period of replacement of conventional light with LED is only 1.5 Months.

You need not to replace whole tube light fitting with new LED light as now days LED tube rod are available with which conventional tube rod can be replaced with LED tube rod and choke and starter were taken out of circuit.

Also there is longer life of LED lights in comparison to conventional tube lights, Conventional lights have life of 10000 -15000 hrs of usage in-comparison to LED lights which have 25000-50000 hrs of usage. With LED lights there will be reduced maintenance cost as there will be no choke required in LED lights.

Also cost of LED lights is coming down with new innovations and bulk production. Also there is advantage associated with LED lights that manufacturer are offering warranty of 2-3 years.

So let’s start with savings now by replacing conventional lights with LED lights.

SO as per my advice please share this post and as per my opinion please change all conventional Light by LED's.

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An Introduction about Electrical Relays……

There are two basic classifications of relays:

• Electromechanical Relays 
• Solid State Relays 

One main difference between them is electromechanical relays have moving parts, whereas solid state relays have no moving parts.

Electromechanical Relays

Electromechanical relays are switches that typically are used to control high power electrical devices. Electromechanical relays are used in many of today's electrical machines when it is vital to control a circuit, either with a low power signal or when multiple circuits must be controlled by one single signal. 

Advantages of Electromechanical relays include lower cost, no heat sink is required, multiple poles are available, and they can switch AC or DC with equal ease.

Some of the electromechanincal relays are general purpose relays, power relay, contactor and time delay relay.

General Purpose Relay

Well known applications of general purpose relays are:

• Lighting controls,
• Time delay controls,
• Industrial machine controls, 
• Energy management systems, 
• Control panels, 
• Forklifts, 
• HVAC.

The general-purpose relay is rated by the amount of current its switch contacts can handle. Most versions of the general-purpose relay have one to eight poles and can be single or double throw. 

General Purpose Relays are cost-effective 5.1-15.1 Ampere switching devices used in a wide variety of applications.

These are found in computers, copy machines, and other consumer electronic equipment and appliances.

Power Relay

Power relays are used for many different applications, including:

• Automotive electronics
• Audio amplification
• Telephone systems
• Home appliances
• Vending machines

Power relays also contain a spring and an armature and one or many contacts. If the power relay is designed to normally be open (NO), when power is applied, the electromagnet attracts the armature, which is then pulled in the coil’s direction until it reaches a contact, therefore closing the circuit. If the relay is designed to be normally closed (NC), the electromagnetic coil pulls the armature away from the contact, therefore opening the circuit.

Power relay is used for switching a wide variety of currents for applications including everything from lighting control to industrial sensors.

The power relay is capable of handling larger power loads 10-45 amperes or more. They are usually single-pole or double-pole units.

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Electrical Circuit Breaker Operation and Types of Circuit Breaker

What is Circuit Breaker?

                Definition of circuit breaker: - Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually as well as automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively. As the modern power system deals with huge currents, the special attention should be given during designing of circuit breaker to safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit breaker. This was the basic definition of circuit breaker.

Introduction to Circuit Breaker

           

        The modern power system deals with huge power network and huge numbers of associated electrical equipment. During short circuit fault or any other types of electrical fault these equipment as well as the power network suffer a high stress of fault  current  in them which may damage the equipment and networks permanently. For saving these equipment and the power networks the fault current should be cleared from the system as quickly as possible. Again after the fault is cleared, the system must come to its normal working condition as soon as possible for supplying reliable quality power to the receiving ends. In addition to that for proper controlling of power system, different switching operations are required to be performed. So for timely disconnecting and reconnecting different parts of power system network for protection and control, there must be some special type of switching devices which can be operated safely under huge  current  carrying condition. During interruption of huge current, there would be large arcing in between switching contacts, so care should be taken to quench these arcs in circuit breaker in safe manner. The circuit breaker is the special device which does all the required switching operations during  current  carrying condition. This was the basic introduction to circuit breaker.

Working Principle of Circuit Breaker: ( सर्किट ब्रेकर का कार्यकारी नियम)                        

        The circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal "on" condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker which is realized if switching signal given to the breaker. The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like by deforming metal spring, by compressed air, or by hydraulic pressure. But whatever the source of potential energy, it must be released during operation. Release of potential energy makes sliding of the moving contact at extremely fast manner. All circuit breaker have operating coils (tripping coils and close coil), whenever these coils are energized by switching pulse, the plunger inside them  displaced. This operating coil plunger is typically attached to the operating mechanism of circuit breaker, as a result the mechanically stored potential energy in the breaker mechanism is released in forms of kinetic energy, which makes the moving contact to move as these moving contacts mechanically attached through a gear lever arrangement with the operating mechanism. After a cycle of operation of circuit breaker the total stored energy is released and hence the potential energy again stored in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker by means of spring charging motor or air compressor or by any other means. Till now we have discussed about mechanical working principle of circuit breaker. But there are electrical characteristics of a circuit breaker which also should be considered in this discussion of operation of circuit breaker.

Discussion on electrical principle of circuit breaker.

                  The circuit breaker has to carry large rated or fault power. Due to this large power there is always dangerously high arcing between moving contacts and fixed contact during operation of circuit breaker. Again as we discussed earlier the arc in circuit breaker can be quenching safely if the dielectric strength between the current carrying contacts of circuit breaker increases rapidly during every current zero crossing of the alternating current. The dielectric strength of the media in between contacts can be increased in numbers of ways, like by compressing the ionized arcing media since compressing accelerates the deionization process of the media, by cooling the arcing media since cooling increase the resistance of arcing path or by replacing the ionized arcing media by fresh gasses. Hence a numbers of arc quenching processes should be involved in operation of circuit breaker. 

Types of Circuit Breaker (सर्किट ब्रेकर के प्रकार )

According different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker.

 According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as-

Oil circuit breaker.

Air circuit breaker.

SF6 circuit breaker.

Vacuum circuit breaker.

 According to their services the circuit breaker can be divided as-

Outdoor circuit breaker

Indoor breaker.

According to the operating mechanism of circuit breaker they can be divided as-

Spring operated circuit breaker.

Pneumatic circuit breaker.

Hydraulic circuit breaker.

According to the voltage level of installation types of circuit breaker are referred as-

High voltage circuit breaker.

Medium voltage circuit breaker.

Low voltage circuit breaker.



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The Consequences of High Harmonic Distortion Levels

The plant engineer’s worst fear…

Just as high blood pressure can create stress and serious problems in the human body, high levels of harmonic distortion can create stress and resultant problems for the utility’s distribution system and the plant’s distribution system, as well as all of the equipment that is serviced by that distribution system.

          The result may be the plant engineer’s worst fear - the shutting down of important plant equipment ranging from a single machine to an entire line or process.

          Equipment shutdown can be caused by a number of events. As an example, the higher voltage peaks that are created by harmonic distortion put extra stress on motor and wire insulation, which ultimately can result in insulation breakdown and failure. In addition, harmonics increase rms current, resulting in increased operating temperatures for many pieces of equipment, greatly reducing equipment life.

          Table below summarizes some of the negative consequences that harmonics can have on typical equipment found in the plant environment.

Negative Consequences of Harmonics on Plant Equipment

Equipment	Consequences
Current Harmonic Distortion Problems
Capacitors	Blown fuses, reduced capacitor life
Motors	Reduced motor life, inability to fully load motor
Fuses/breakers	False/spurious operation, damaged components
Transformers	Increased copper losses, reduced capacity
Voltage Harmonic Distortion Problems
Transformers	Increased noise, possible insulation failure
Motors	Mechanical fatigue
Electronic loads	Disoperation

          While these effects are categorized by problems created by current and voltage harmonics, current and voltage harmonic distortion usually exists together (current harmonic distortion causes voltage harmonic distortion).

Harmonic distortion disrupts plants. Of greatest importance is the loss of productivity, throughput, and, possibly, sales.

          These occur because of process shutdowns due to the unexpected failure of motors, drives, power supplies, or just the spurious tripping of breakers. Plant engineers realize how costly downtime can be and pride themselves in maintaining low levels of plant downtime. In addition, maintenance and repair budgets can be severely stretched.

          For example, every 10°C rise in the operating temperatures of motors or capacitors can cut equipment life by 50%.

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On Power System Stability the Impact Of Voltage Regulation

Voltage Tolerance Ranges

Voltage regulation, by definition, is the percentage change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load conditions. The regulation is customarily specified at a specific power factor, as the power factor of the load affects the voltage regulation of the device or circuit.
Voltage regulation cannot be improved by the use of the conventional no-load tap changer on a transformer. The tap changer merely changes the transformer turns ratio, but does not significantly change the transformer impedance.

The regulation (percent change from no-load to full-load) will, therefore, not change.
The operating voltage range will, however, change and affect the performance of the utilization equipment.

Load flow studies should be performed and operating conditions (no-load, light-load, or full-load) examined to ensure that voltage tolerance ranges are not exceeded. If voltage tolerance ranges are exceeded, then one alternative is to adjust transformer taps to compensate for either high voltage, at no-load or light-load conditions, or low voltage, at full-load conditions.

Capacitors of either switched or fixed configurations can also be used to correct the voltage range profile of a distribution system.

Often, for large complex systems, the use of switched capacitors is the only realistic solution for a voltage range that is too wide. In this instance, capacitors are switched off-line when the load is light, so that the voltage does not become too high.

As the load increases, capacitors are switched on-line to prevent the voltage from becoming too low.

For maximum benefit, capacitors should be located close to the load that is causing the problem, however, this is often not technically or economically feasible.

Synchronous motors can also be used to good advantage on large power systems if the 0.8 power factor design is purchased, rather than the less expensive unity power factor motor. The 0.8 power factor synchronous motor can be used to improve voltage levels on its utilization bus in the same manner as capacitors.

Control of the operating voltage range can also be achieved by the use of transformers with on-load tap changers and line regulators.

Both devices use multi-tap devices, in combination with voltage sensing and control apparatus, to adjust the transformer ratio or regulator ratio by actively switching taps as the steady-state load changes. These devices are usually used by utilities in the primary distribution system and provide the final distribution circuits with a voltage range within the Range A limits of ANSI C84.1.

Unless the site distribution system is unusually large and complex, and the daily load fluctuations quite large, these devices are not applied to electrical distribution systems on facilities.

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